Early People | Administration | Geography | Farming | Siege of Derry
Industries | Rivers | Historic Ruins | Geology | The Plantation | Derry City

LONDONDERRY (County of), a maritime county of the province of ULSTER, bounded on the south and south-west by the county of Tyrone ; on the west, by that of Donegal ; on the north- west, by Lough Foyle ; on the north, by the Atlantic Ocean ; and on the east, by the county of Antrim. It extends from 54º 37’ to 55º 12’ (N. Lat.), and from 6º 26’ to 7º 18’ ( W. Lon. ) ; and comprises an area, according to the Ordnance survey, of 518,423 acres, of which 388,817 are cultivated, 119,202 are mountain waste and bog, and 10,404 are occupied by water. The population, in 1821, was 193,869, and in 1831, 222,012.

Early People & History.

The river Foyle appears to have been the Argita, and the Bann the Logia, of Ptolemy ; and the intervening territory, constituting the present county of Londonderry , formed, according to this geographer, part of the country of the Darnii or Darini, whose name appears to be perpetuated in the more modern designation of “ Derry .” The earliest internal evidence represents it as being chiefly the territory of the O’Cathans, O’Catrans or O’Kanes, under the name of Tir Cahan or Cathan aght, signifying “O’Kane’s country :“ they were a branch of and, tributary to the O’Nials, and their chief seat was at a place now called the Deer Park, in the vale of the Roe.

When their country was reduced to shire ground by Sir John Perrot, in the reign of Elizabeth, it was intended that Coleraine should be the capital ; and the county was therefore designated, and long bore the name of, “the county of Coleraine,” although it is a singular fact that the ruins of the court-house and gaol then built for the county are at Desertmartin, 15 miles from the proposed capital.

Derry was seized by the English towards the close of Elizabeth ’s reign, for the purpose of checking the power of O’Nial and O’Donnel; and when the earls of Tyrone and Tyrconnel fled the country, in 1607, nearly the whole of six counties in Ulster were confiscated. At this period the southern side of the county appears to have been possessed by the O’Donnels, O’Conors, and O’Murrys: the O’Cahans were not among the attainted septs, and consequently, in the ensuing schemes of plantation, many of them were settled among the native freeholders by Jas. I., though they afterwards forfeited their estates in the subsequent civil war.

King James, conceiving the citizens of London to be the ablest body to undertake the establishment of a Protestant colony in the forfeited territory, directed overtures to be made to the municipal authorities ; and on Jan. 28th, 1609 , articles of agreement were entered into between the Lords of the Privy Council and the Committees appointed by act of Common Council. On the part of the citizens it was stipulated, that they should expend £20,000 on the plantation ; and on the other hand, the Crown was to assign to them entire possession of the county of Coleraine, and the towns of Coleraine and Derry, with extensive lands attached, excepting 60 acres out of every 1000 for church lands and certain portions to be assigned to three native Irish gentlemen.

To this extensive grant the king added the woods of Glenconkene and Killetragh, and ordained that the whole should be held with the amplest powers and privileges, such as the patronage of the churches, admiralty jurisdiction on the coasts, the fishery of the two great rivers and all other streams, &c. For the management of this new branch of their affairs the Common Council elected a body of twenty-six, consisting, as at present, of a governor, deputy-governor, and assistants, of whom one-half retire every year, and their places are supplied by a new election.

In 1613, this company or court was incorporated by royal charter, under its present style of “The Society of the Governor and Assistants of London of the New Plantation in Ulster, within the Realm of Ireland ;“ but is commonly known as the “Irish Society,” and was invested with all the towns, castles, lordships, manors, lands, and hereditaments given to the city, which were erected by the charter into a distinct county, to be called “the County of Londonderry.” The sum of £40,000 having now been expended on the plantation, it was deemed most advantageous to divide the territorial possessions of the Society into twelve equal portions, which were appropriated by lot to each of the twelve chief companies of the city, and so many of the smaller companies joined as made by their total contributions a twelfth of the entire sum.

The twelve chief companies were the Mercers, Grocers, Drapers, Fishmongers, Goldsmiths, Skinners, Merchant Tailors, Haberdashers, Salters, Ironmongers, Vintners, and Clothworkers ; and in their respective proportions is now included the chief part of the county. The houses and lands in the city of Londonderry and the town of Coleraine, with their woods, fisheries and ferries (except that at the estuary of the Foyle, connecting the county with that of Donegal, which belonged to the Chichesters), not being susceptible of division, were retained by the Society, who were to receive the profits, and account for them to the twelve chief companies.

In 1616, information was received by Sir Thomas Philips of Newtown Limavady of a design formed by the Irish to surprise Londonderry and Coleraine, which being communicated to the Irish Government effectual measures were adopted for its prevention. On the communication of the intelligence to the Irish Society instructions were immediately issued by it to the twelve companies to furnish arms and accoutrements to be transmitted by the keeper of Guildhal for the better defence of the plantation, the prompt execution of which preserved the colony and gave new vigour to the exertions to stock it with English and Scotch settlers.

About the same period directions were also issued to the companies to repair the churches, to furnish each of the ministers with a bible, common-prayer book and communion cup, and to send thither a stipulated number of artizans ; the trades thus introduced were those of weavers, hat- makers, locksmiths, farriers, tanners, fishmongers, ironmongers, glassblowers, pewterers, fishermen, turners, basketmakers, tallowchandlers, dyers and curriers. The Salters’ company erected glass-houses at Magherafelt, and iron-works were opened on the Mercers’ proportion near Kilrea which were carried on until timber failed for fuel.

Notwithstanding the disbursement of large sums of money, at length amounting to £60,000, continued dissatisfaction was expressed by the Crown at the mode in which the stipulations of the society were fulfilled: in 1632, the whole county was sequestered ; and in 1637, the charter was cancelled, and the county seized into the king’s hands. Parliament, however, decreed the illegality of these proceedings ; Cromwell restored the Society to its former state ; and on the Restoration, Chas. II. granted it a new charter, nearly in the same words as that of James, under which its affairs have ever since been conducted.

Of the twelve principal companies, all retain their estates except four, viz., the Goldsmiths, Haberdashers Vintners, and Merchant Tailors, who at various periods disposed of their proportions to private individuals. The Goldsmiths’ share was situated mostly within the liberties of Derry , south- east of the Foyle ; that of the Haberdashers was around Aghanloo and Bovevagh. The Vintners had Bellaghy, and the Merchant Tailors’ proportion was Macosquin.

These proportions are now held in perpetuity by the Marquess of Waterford, the Richardsons, the Ponsonbys, the Alexanders, and the heirs of the late Right Hon. Thomas Conolly.

Of the estates now belonging to the other eight companies, the Mercers have Kilrea and its neighbourhood ; the Grocers, Muff and its dependencies ; Moneymore and its rich and improved district belongs to the Drapers ; the Fishmongers have Ballykelly ; Dungiven belongs to the Skinners ; Magherafelt to the Salters ; Aghadowey to the Ironmongers ; and Killowen, forming part of the borough of Coleraine, to the Clothworkers ; all are under lease, except those of the Drapers, Mercers, and Grocers, which are managed by agents, deputed by these respective companies.

The first intimation of the intended insurrection in 1641 came from Moneymore, in this county, through Owen O’Conolly, an Irish Protestant, in time to save Dublin , but not to prevent the explosion of the plot in the north. On the first day of the explosion Moneymore was seized by the Irish, and Maghera and Bellaghy, then called Vintners’-town, burned, as were most of the other towns and villages throughout the county. On the termination of the war the county and the city fell under the dominion of the parliament, and Sir Charles Coote and Governor Hunks ruled there with great severity. From the restoration to the revolution the county affords few materials for history ; the siege of Londonderry , one of the most striking events of the latter period, more properly belongs to the history of the city.

Administration.

The county is chiefly in the diocese of Derry , with some portions in those of Armagh and Connor. For the purposes of civil jurisdiction it is divided into the city and liberties of Londonderry , the town and liberties of Coleraine, and the baronies of Coleraine, Tirkeeran, Kenaught, and Loughinsholin. It contains the city of Londonderry ; the borough and market- town of Coleraine ; the disfranchised borough, market and post. town of Newtown-Limavady; the market and post-towns of Castledawson, Dungiven, Draperstown, Moneymore, Garvagh, Magherafelt, and Maghera; and the post. towns of Bellaghy, Kilrea, and Tubbermore. The principal villages are Articlave, Ballykelly, Claudy, Muff, Portstewart (each of which has a penny-post), Ballyronan, Desertmartin, and Swattragh.

It sent eight members to the Irish parliament, two for the county, two for the city and two each for the boroughs of Coleraine and Newtown-Limavady. Since the Union it has sent only four to the Imperial parliament, two for the county, one for the city, and one for the borough of Coleraine ; those for the city and county are elected in the city of Londonderry.

The county constituency as registered up to the October sessions of 1836, consists of 239 £50, 198 £20, and 1402 £10 freeholders ; 41 £20 and 412 £10 leaseholders; and 7 £50, and 32 £20 rent-chargers ; making a total of 2331 registered electors. Londonderry is included in the north-west circuit : the assizes are held in the city, and quarter sessions are held there and at Coleraine, Newtown-Limavady, and Magherafelt. The county gaol and court-house are in Londonderry , and there are court- houses and bridewells at each of the other sessions towns.

The local government is vested in a lieutenant, a vice-lieutenant, 8 deputy-lieutenants, and 61 other magistrates ; besides whom there are the usual county officers, including four coroners, one for the city, one for the borough of Coleraine, and two for the county at large. Of its civil jurisdiction it is remarkable that, like the county of Middlesex , its sheriffs are those elected by the citizens of its capital, who serve for the whole, excepting the liberties of Coleraine: the town-clerk of Londonderry , also, is the clerk of the peace for the county at large.

There are 19 constabulary police stations, having in the whole a force of a stipendiary magistrate, a sub- inspector, a paymaster, 4 chief officers, 20 constables, 83 men, and 6 horses.

The District Lunatic Asylum, and County Infirmary are in the city of Londonderry, and there are dispensaries at Londonderry, Bellaghy,Tamlaght O’Crilly, Portstewart, Dungiven, Magherafelt, Maghera, Glendermot, Lower-Cumber, Newtown-Limavady, Coleraine, Killowen, Moneymore, Aghadowey, Ballynascreen, and Garvagh, which are supported equally by Grand Jury presentments, and by subscriptions from the Irish Society, the London companies, the landed proprietors, and other private individuals. For the convenience of holding petty sessions, the county is divided into the districts of Coleraine, Garvagh, Innisrush, Maghera, Moneymore, Magherafelt, Kilrea, Inver, city of Londonderry , Newtown- Limavady, Muff, Dungiven, and Clady. The amount of Grand Jury presentments for the county and city, for the year 1835, was £23,996. 16. 1., of which £1756. 12. 7. was for the roads, bridges, buildings, &c., of the county at large ; £7464. 16. 3. for the roads, bridges, &c., of the baronies ; £8702. 11. 10. for public buildings, charities, salaries of officers, and incidents ; £2066. 17. 6. for the police ; and £4005. 17. 11. for repayment of advances made by Government. In the military arrangements the county is included in the northern district.

Geography.

In form the county approaches to an equilateral triangle: its greatest length is from the point of Magilligan, at the mouth of Lough Foyle, nearly southward, to the vicinity of Coagh, a distance of 32½ miles. Although by no means distinguished for picturesque beauty, its surface presents many varieties of form, from the flat alluvial lands along its rivers to the wildest mountains.

The latter form its central portion, extending in various chains, covered chiefly with heath, from near the sea-coast to the southern limit. Sawel mountain, in the south, attains an elevation of 2236 feet ; Slieve Gallion rises to the height of 1730 feet ; Carutogher, near the source of the Roe, 1521 feet ; Donald’s Hill, east of the same river, 1315 feet ; Benyevenagh, forming the termination of that range towards the sea, 1260 feet ; and Legavannon, between the Roe and the Faughan, 1289 feet. Even in these wild regions there are secluded vales, called by the inhabitants “slacks,” in which are often found charming spots of fertile soil and romantic scenery.

The principal of these are, Faughanvale, where there are some romantic waterfalls ; Muffglen, which, with the beautiful glen of the Ness, affords mountain passes from the Foyle to the Faughan ; Laughermore, between the Roe and the Faughan, which commands various fine prospects, and has in its vicinity numerous traces of ancient forests ; Lissane, with some deep romantic glens ; Feeny, between the higher parts of the Roe and the Faughan, into which several other glens open, of which the most beautiful is Finglen ; the neighbouring slacks of Moneyniceny and Carntogher ; that of Ballyness, leading into the wild district of Glenullen ; that of Dunmore, between Coleraine and Newtown-Limavady ; and that of Druim-na-Gullion, to the north.

The most extensive and diversified view in this part of Ireland, is that from the summit of Benyevenagh, near the mouth of the Roe, from which mountain the huge masses of fallen strata form successive terraces descending to the sandy flats bounded by Lough Foyle and the ocean.

The great natural divisions of the profitable lands are, the rich and fertile vales of the Roe, the Faughan, the Foyle (with the liberties of Londonderry), the Moyola, the shores of Lough Neagh, the half valley of the Bann (with the liberties of Coleraine), and the sea coast with the flats of Lough Foyle.

The longest of the vales opening from the mountains is that of the Roe, environed by hills appropriated as sheepwalks, and in many places having midway up their declivities a sort of natural terrace, frequently two or three hundred yards in breadth. To the west is the nearly parallel vale of Faughan, which, next to those of the Roe and the Moyola, displays, from Clondermot to the coast of Lough Foyle, one of the most delightful tracts in the county: a considerable portion, however, is occupied by rough though valuable turbaries, while other parts are clothed with natural wood: in the higher part the scenery is frequently romantic, and in other places is improved by round alluvial hills.

The vale of the Foyle is highly improved, and comprises the western extremity of the county, in which stands the city of Londonderry . The rich vale of Moyola extends from the eastern side of the mountains of Ballynascreen, towards Lough Neagh, being bounded on the south by Slieve Gallion.

The borders of Lough Neagh form a low tract which presents a rich landscape, its surface being composed partly of gentle swells, and its fertility broken only by some extensive bogs. Around Ballinderry are considerable steeps, and at Spring Hill and over the town of Moneymore is a beautiful range of high land: beyond this extends a rich low tract called “the Golden Vale of Ballydawley.” Lough Neagh bounds the county for nearly six miles, when the Bann, issuing from it, immediately falls into Lough Beg, the Londonderry shore of which is five miles in extent.

The half valley of the Bann is composed of bleak ridges or tummocks of basalt, with a few more favoured spots near the streams, but accompanied by a series of scattered bogs, bordering the course of the river. These sometimes comprise high and barren swells, with lakes and small bogs intervening. About Tubbermore, Fort William , and Maghaer, however, there is a pleasing and more fertile tract ; and the interior of the district bordering on the Bann is greatly enlivened by the woody scenery around Garvagh. The sea coast, formed by the Atlantic for 12 miles from Portrush to Magilligan point, and thence for 16 miles by Lough Foyle, exhibits a succession of varied and interesting scenery. Commencing with Portrush it presents a number of creeks and inlets, of which the most remarkable is Port- Stewart, whence to the mouth of the Bann is a strand of great extent and beauty, succeeded by a range of cliffs rising boldly from the sea, on the summit of one of which is the mansion of Down Hill and Mussenden Temple, built by the Earl of Bristol, Bishop of Derry.

From Down Hill to Magilligan Point, a distance of 7 miles, is a strand extending a mile in breadth from the base of the mountains to the water’s edge, and on which the whole army of Great Britain might be reviewed. Thence the coast turns nearly due south to the mouth of the Roe, presenting a dreary expanse in which is seen only a deserted house half covered by drifted sand, and a martello tower, after which a varied tract of highly improved land continues to the mouth of Londonderry harbour.

The soil is of great variety. The vale of the Roe chiefly consists of gravelly loams of different degrees of fertility ; the levels on the banks of the river are very rich ; and though the higher grounds are sometimes intermingled with cold clays, there is scarcely any unproductive land in it. In the vale of Faughan good loams are found in the lowest situations. Bond’s glen, which joins it, and rests on a limestone base, is one of the most fertile spots in the county.

The valley of the Foyle is also a strong loam below, declining in fertility and depth towards the heights. In the vale of Moyola are levels of the richest quality, but liable to great ravages by floods. In the district bordering on Loughs Neagh and Beg are found sharp gravelly soils of decayed granite, with some moorland, and then extensive swells of sandy loam with intervening flats of great fertility and some bog.

Along the sea coast the soil is an intermixture of silicious and calcareous sand, occasionally covered with peat. At the mouth of the Bann these sands form hillocks, kept from shifting by the roots of bentgrass and available only as rabbit warrens ; nearly the whole of Magilligan strand is warren, followed by sandy hills covered with bent, and extensive tracts of bog. Beyond Walworth, along the shores of Lough Foyle, the beach is covered with herbage, forming salt marshes greatly esteemed for grazing horses.

Lough Foyle is a large gulf, which, communicating with the Atlantic by a very narrow mouth, opens into a fine expanse, extending 15 miles into the country to the city of Londonderry, and being 7 miles across where broadest. Though there are shifting sand banks in some parts, the largest vessel may ride in safety in it in all weathers. The principal part of the mountain soils is based on basalt, generally pre senting nothing to the view but bleak knolls rising out of the bog and covered with heath or marshy plants. In some more favoured situations the soil, though poor and loose, produces an herbage greedily depastured by sheep ; and in the slacks or glens are found loams of better quality, varying in texture according to the soil of the hills from which they have been deposited.

Farming.

The fertile soils are chiefly under tillage, in farms varying in size from 2 to 200 acres and averaging eight. Though wheat is cultivated on some of the richest soils, barley is grown to a far more considerable extent, especially in the districts bordering on Lough Neagh, also around Myroe and Coleraine ; the other crops most extensively raised are oats, potatoes, and flax ; barley is said to pay the summer’s rent and flax the winter’s.

Beans were formerly grown in vast quantities in Aghanloo and in Myroe, and rye in some of the lower districts, but both are now uncommon ; four kinds of wheat, red, white, plain and bearded are sown, the produce of which varies from twelve to twenty barrels per acre ; of barley, which is all of the four-rowed kind, called bere or Scotch barley, from eight to fourteen barrels of 21 stone (one- half more than the wheat measure) ; and of oats, of which the brown Poland, lightfoot, blantire and potato oat are commonly sown, from 30 to 70 bushels per acre.

Potatoes yield from 200 to 800 bushels per acre.

An acre of good flax will produce twelve stooks, each yielding seventy-two pounds of clean scutched flax ; but the common produce is one-third less. Turnips are grown by all the gentry and leading farmers, and mangel wurzel is a favourite crop with some ; but its cultivation is yet imperfectly understood.

The principal artificial grass is clover, to which the annual and perennial rye are sometimes added: these seeds are generally sown as the last crop of a course, but the common farmers seldom sow any, trusting to the powers of the soil and the humidity of the climate to restore the herbage: the prevailing kind is, in marshy situations, the fiorin, or jointed grass, which produces crops of amazing weight and good quality.

Of manures, lime, which can be procured in almost every part of the county, is in most extensive use, that of Desertmartin being esteemed the best ; the contiguous marl is also used, especially at Cruintballyguillen, or the Leck. In the maritime districts, and from six to ten miles inland, a favourite manure is sea-shells brought by boats from islands in Lough Foyle the shells are chiefly oyster, muscle, and cockle ; from 30 to 60 barrels are spread on an acre.

Shelly sand is also gathered from the coast and from the shores of the Bann: trenching and throwing the mould on an unturned ridge, and the burning of peat for the ashes, are likewise practised.

The breeds of cattle of every kind are much improved by judicious crossing ; Derry not being a sheep-feeding county, the attention of the farmers has been less turned to this species of stock ; yet some of the gentry have large flocks.

Pigs are to be found in almost every house and cottage ; they are usually slaughtered at home and the carcasses sent to market for the supply of the provision merchants of Belfast , Londonderry , and Coleraine. Of the horses, one breed is the active, hardy mountain garran, of a bay or sorrel colour and slight make: the Scottish highland horses are likewise in great request, and, together with a cross with the sinewy draught horse, are in common use.

A cross with the blood horse has also been introduced. Myroe is famous for good cattle. All the improved agricultural implements are in general use ; the advances made in every department of rural economy have been considerably promoted by the exertions of the North West Farming Society, which holds its meetings in Londonderry and receives an annual donation of ten guineas from the Irish Society of London.

Among wild fowl, one species is very remarkable, the barnacle, which frequents Lough Foyle in great numbers, and is here much esteemed for the sweetness of its flesh, in like manner as at Wexford and Strangford, though elsewhere rank and unsavoury: this difference arises from its here feeding on the fucus saccharinus.

Forests.

The ancient abundance of timber is evinced both by tradition and public documents, also by the abundance of pine found in all the bogs, of yew at Magilligan, and of fossil oak and fir in the mosses, even in the most exposed situations ; but the woods have been wholly demolished by the policy of clearing the country, the lavish waste of fuel, the destruction made by exporting staves (once the staple of the county), and the demand for charcoal for smelting lead and iron.

Coal, chiefly from Lancashire , is the principal fuel of the respectable classes in Londonderry and its vicinity. English, Scotch, and Ballycastle coals are used at Coleraine: but almost the universal fuel of the county is turf ; in the fertile and thickly inhabited districts many of the bogs are exhausted, and recourse has been had to those of the mountains.

Geology.

Geologically the county is composed of two great districts, divided into two nearly equal portions by the course of the Roe. The western is the extensive mountain tract reaching from that river to Strabane, in which mica slate predominates in such proportions as to compose nine-tenths of the whole ; it is accompanied by primitive limestone in the lower districts, especially in those bordering on the vale of the Roe.

On the eastern bank of the same river this system of mountains is succeeded by a range of secondary heights, reposing on and concealing the mica slate, which dips under them eastward. On these is piled a vast area of basalt, forming the basis of almost the entire country between the Roe and the Bann. These basaltic strata dip with the fall of the hills towards the north-east, to meet the opposite dip of the strata on the other side of the Bann, forming the other half of this great basaltic tract.

The covering of basalt appears to acquire its greatest thickness on the north, where, as in the cap of Benyevenagh, it is more than 900 feet thick. Between the basalt and the subjacent mica slate are found in close succession many of the most important formations which occupy a great part of the southern and eastern counties of England .

Next to the basalt (descending westward towards Lough Foyle and the vale of the Roe, and to the rich lands in the vale of Moyola and its vicinity) is found chalk, in beds of an aggregate thickness of about 200 feet, analogous to the lower beds of the English chalk formation, and therefore approaching in character to white limestone, being used and commonly designated as such. Even in its fossils and organic remains, this chalk is perfectly identified with that of England .

Next is seen mulatto, precisely analogous to the green sandstone formations of England : the mulatto rests immediately on a lias limestone, blue and argillaceous, disposed in small beds alternating with slate clay, and distinguished by ammonites, gryphites, and other fossil remains. The lias, in turn, reposes, as in England , on beds of red and variegated marl, containing gypsum, and even distinguished by numerous salt springs ; and this marl is underlaid by a thick deposit of red and variegated sandstone, containing clay galls, and in its turn incumbent on the mica slate formation.

Sometimes, however, the mulatto and lias are entirely wanting, and the chalk may be seen immediately resting on the sandstone, both of which are constant and continuous. The deep valleys separating the detached eminences of the basalt region afford abundant evidence of their formation in excavations of part of the solid strata by some vast convulsions or operations of nature.

North-east of the source of the Roe is a small detached district of mica slate, nearly surrounded by the basaltic ridges of Benbradagh and Cragnashoack, and forming the entire mass of the mountain of Coolcoscrahan. The mountain limestone, which is micaceous and granular, occurs to the most remarkable extent on the north-west side of Carntogher mountain, in Bennady glen, near the old church at Dungiven, at Banagher, near Clady, near Newtown Limavady, and on Slieve Gallion mountain, where it contains crystallised hornblende in abundance.

Horn blende slate occurs in Bennady glen, Aglish glen, and the bed of the Roe river near Dungiven, where it is contiguous to the primitive limestone. Porphyry is the fundamental rock on the east side of Slieve Gallion, and one variety resembles sienite, with which it is in connection. Transition trap also occurs on Slieve Gallion.

The transition limestone, intervening in a few places between the primitive formations and the sandstone, is of the same kind as that which occupies so great a portion of the central counties: it is of a smoke grey colour, contains two sorts of terebratulites, and nodules of glassy quartz, which render it dangerous to blast ; but being, nevertheless, the best species in the county for manure and all ordinary purposes, it is most extensively quarried.

The sandstone extends the entire length of the county, from its northern extremity near Down hill up the eastern side of the Roe, and surrounding Cragnashoack and Carntogher mountains, whence it stretches by the eastern declivity of Slieve Gallion into the county of Tyrone . The upper strata of chalk are characterised by parallel beds of flinty nodules ; and, at their junction with the basalt, these flints are found imbedded in the lowest member of the trap deposit: it is curiously affected by intersecting dykes filled with basalt. The only great geological phenomenon exhibited on the sea-coast is the gradual emergence of the chalk from under the trap beds.

The basalt is chiefly tabular, with the varieties called greenstone, amygdaloidal wacke, &c. A laminated schist of the mica slate formation is quarried between Derry and Newtown ; there is a good quarry of lamellated schist between Bond’s glen and Gossaden ; gneiss occurs in the quarries of the mica slate near the Faughan river ; granite on the northern summit of Slieve Gallion ; the finest rock crystals are found in Finglen, Dungiven, Banagher, and in the primitive mountains near Learmount ; and steatite is found in the basaltic region.

Iron is found disseminated through many of the strata of the county, and in the basalt is sometimes so abundant as to affcct the needle. Ironstone, found in great abundance in Slieve Gallion, was formerly worked, but the undertaking was abandoned on the failure of fuel. The metal is found in a mixed state with manganese ; and in the mountain streams mounds of it are observed in the character of yellow ochre. To the abundance of this metal in the peat moss are owing the red colour and weight of the ashes. Coal, copper, and lead have been found in very small quantities.

Industry.

The staple manufacture is that of linen, of which the raw material is grown here, chiefly from American and Riga seed, though partly from Dutch, which is most esteemed. The flax is spun by the rural population, and the weavers themselves are husbandmen ; so that during seed-time and harvest the loom is abandoned.

The flax is generally spun from three to four hanks in the pound weight, and the tow yarn is made into sacking for home use. The coarser yarn is carried to Londonderry to be exported to Liverpool for Manchester , and some to Scotland , the finer being disposed of at Coleraine, Newtown , &c. The fabric made in Coleraine is the finest, and all webs of the same texture, wherever manufactured, are called Coleraines. The fabrics of Londonderry are of two kinds, one only twenty-seven inches wide, made of tow yarn, and called Derry wrappers ; the other thirty-two inches wide, and made of fine yarn.

Considerable quantities of linens are exported unbleached ; the coarse chiefly to Liverpool . The white linens are shipped from Londonderry or Coleraine to Liverpool or London .

Coarse red pottery is made at Agivey, and at some other places.

There are several distilleries and breweries, and numerous corn and flour mills.

Fishing.

The coast abounds with all the ordinary kinds of fish, which are taken for home consumption ; but the principal fisheries are those of salmon and eels in the Bann, which are superior in extent to any others in Ireland , employing a great number of persons ; almost the entire produce of salmon is exported.

There are several other considerable fisheries along the sea-coast and in the small rivers ; but most of the salmon brought to the provincial markets comes from a distance of scveral miles, and is much inferior to that of the Bann.

Commerce.

The commerce of the county centres in the city of Londonderry and the town of Coleraine , but chiefly the former. At Ballyronan, on Lough Neagh, vessels of sixty tons burden can unlade, and, though the exports are inconsiderable, timber, iron, slates, coal, flax seed, hardware, and groceries are landed in large quantities.

Rivers.

The principal rivers are the Foyle, the Bann, the Roe, and the Faughan. The Foyle, which derives its name from the smoothness of its current, intersects the liberties of the city of Londonderry, in a majestic course north-eastward, having descended from Lifford, where, after the union of several important streams, it first obtains its name: at Culmore, six miles below the city, which it appears formerly to have insulated, it expands into the estuary of Lough Foyle. The Bann, or “ White River ,” so called from the purity of its waters, intersects the liberties of Coleraine, within four miles of its junction with the ocean ; but the navigation is greatly obstructed by shallows and a very dangerous bar, where the currents of the fresh water and the tide meet.

The Roe, or “ Red River ,” so called from the colour of its waters, receives at Dungiven the Owen-Reagh: hence, in its course directly north, it receives from the mountains on each side the Owen-Beg, the Gelvin-water, the Balteagh river, and the Castle and Curley rivers ; and winding through the fertile flat by Newtown-Limavady, it falls into Lough Foyle at Myroe.

The flat country bordering the lower part of its course is exposed to sudden and impetuous floods poured down from the surrounding mountains: many acres of the finest lands are with difficulty defended by embankments, and even with this protection the securing of the crop is never a matter of certainty. The deposits brought down by this river form many shifting banks in the Lough, which prevent its mouth from becoming a convenient little port, although there is sufficient depth of water at high tides.

The Faughan in its course receives numerous rills and streams from the surrounding heights, and falls into Lough Foyle.

The Moyola is a considerable stream descending into Lough Neagh ; the principal tributaries of the Bann are the Clady, Agivey, and Macosquin streams. There are no canals connected with the county, but an inland navigation, either by a canal, or lateral cuts along the Bann, is contemplated from Lough Neagh to Coleraine, and a bill is now being applied for to enable the proprietors of the lands round the lake to lower it to a summer level, and thereby render the Baun navigable to Coleraine. The contemplated line of railway from Armagh to Portrush will pass for more than 30 miles through the county, but no steps have yet been taken respecting it, beyond the selection of the line.

Roads.

The roads are numerous and highly important, several very useful lines have been made and others greatly improved solely at the expense of the Drapers’ Company ; all the other roads are made and kept in repair by Grand Jury presentments.

Several new lines of road are contemplated, the principal of which is a mail road from Belfast to Derry , of which that portion from the Pullans to Coleraine is already commenced.

The Plantation.

In the original plantation of the county in 1609, and the subsequent years, the English settlers were located in the fertile tracts along the borders of Loughs Foyle and Neagh, and the banks of the Roe and Bann ; the Scotch were placed in the higher lands as a kind of military barrier between their more favoured brethren of the south country and the Irish, who, with the exception of a few native freeholders, were removed to the mountain districts.

The varieties of religion corresponded with those of country, the English being Protestants of the Established Church ; the Scotch, Presbyterians, or other sects of Protestant dissenters ; and the Irish, Roman Catholics. This arrangement of severance long prevented, and still in some degree continues to prevent, the amalgamation of the several classes.

The Irish, shut up within their secluded mountain ravines, retain many of their peculiarities of language, customs, and religion ; those of Glenullin, though near a large Protestant settlement at Garvagh will admit none but members of their own church to reside among them, though in other respects they are on terms of great kindliness with their neighbours of a different creed, except when under the excitation of party animosity.

The residences of many respectable gentlemen are in the cottage style, generally ornamented and surrounded with planting and gardens: the habitations of the rural population are of every description, from the slated two-story house of brick or stone, and the long narrow cottage with two or three partitions, to the cabin of dry stone or clay, without even a window. In the districts of Coleraine and Desertmartin, where lime is plentiful, the dwellings of the peasantry are neatly white-washed, and sometimes rough-cast, but in other parts they present a very sombre appearance.

Ancient Monuments.

Remains of its ancient inhabitants of every period are scattered over the county. There is a cromlech at Slaght Manus, another at Letter-Shandenny, a third at Slaghtaverty, and others at Bally-na-screen: some had been surrounded by a circle of upright stones.

There are remains of sepulchral mounts or tumuli at Mullaghcross, and a vast tumulus is seen at Dovine, between Newtown-Limavady and Coleraine, besides several of smaller dimensions. Numerous cairns are met with in every quarter, especially on the summits of the mountains.

Near Dungiven is a very remarkable sepulchral pillar. Raths or Danish forts are likewise scattered in chains in every direction, each being generally within sight of two others: the most remarkable is that called the Giant’s Sconce, anciently commanding the communication between the districts of Newtown and Coleraine.

Ditches enclosing spaces of from half a rood to several acres are also discernible contiguous to these forts. There is a curious mound surrounded with a moat on the road from Springhill to Lough Neagh ; and another, of larger size, at Dungorkin, on the road from Cumber Clady through Loughermore.

Ancient intrenchments of different character are seen at Prospect, and between Gortnagasan and Cathery. Various coins, pins, rings, and forks have been found about a moat near Lough Neagh, and, among other ancient instruments, quern stones have often been discovered. Hatchets made of hard basalt, spears of grey granite, and barbed arrowheads of flint (the last sometimes neatly executed, and vulgarly called elfstones) are very frequently found.

Sometimes gold and silver coins, fibulae, and gorgets, with other ornaments, are dug up, but these are rare. There are many artificial caverns, which seem to have been designed for the concealment of goods, or for the refuge of families in case of sudden attack: the sides are built of common land stones without cement, and the roof is composed of flags, or long stones, but the vault is seldom high enough for the passage of a man in a stooping posture ; they consist sometimes of different galleries, and the mouth was most usually concealed by a rock or grassy sod.

Besides the remains of monastic institutions in the city of Londonderry , seventeen others appear to have existed within the limits of the county ; there are still remains of those situated respectively at Camus, Errigal, Tamlaghtfinlagan, Domnach-Dola, and Dungiven, at the last of which are the most interesting of all the ecclesiastical ruins.

Near the old church of Banagher is a monastic building almost entire. There are few castles of Irish erection. Ballyreagh, on a rocky cliff overhanging the sea, is said to have belonged to one of the Mac Quillans ; and a castle which stood near the church of Ballyaghran is reported to have been the abode of the chief of that sept. There were several English castles, with bawns and flankers, built by the London companies, one at least in every proportion of allotment, but they are all in ruins except Bellaghy, which is still occupied.

Derry City.

LONDONDERRY , a city and port, in the parish of TEMPLEMORE, and county of LONDONDERRY (of which it is the chief town), and province of ULSTER , 69¾ miles (N. W. by W.) from Belfast , and 1l8½ (N. N. W.) from Dublin ; containing 10,130 inhabitants. It was originally and is still popularly called Derry , from the Irish Doire, which signifies literally “a place of oaks,” but is likewise used to express “a thick wood.” By the ancient Irish it was also designated Doire-Calgaich, or Derry-Calgach, “the oak wood of Calgach ;“ and Adamnan, abbot of Iona in the 7th century, in the life of his predecessor, St. Columbkill, invariably calls it Roboretum Calgagi.

About the end of the 10th century, the name Derry-Cal-gach gave place to Derry- Columbkill, from an abbey for canons regular of the order of St. Augustine founded here by that saint ; but when the place grew into importance above every other Derry, the distinguishing epithet was rejected: the English prefix, London, was imposed in 1613, on the incorporation of the Irish Society by charter of Jas. I., and was for a long time retained by the colonists, but has likewise fallen into popular disuse.

The city appears to be indebted for its origin to the abbey founded by St. Columbkill, according to the best authorities in 546, and said to have been the first of the religious houses instituted by that saint ; but the exact period of its foundation and its early history are involved in much obscurity. In 783 and 812 the abbey and the town were destroyed by fire ; at the latter period, according to the Annals of Munster, the Danes heightened the horrors of the conflagration by a massacre of the clergy and students.

The place must have been speedily restored, as, in 832, the Danes were driven with great slaughter from the siege of Derry by Niall Caille, King of Ireland, and Murchadh, Prince of Aileach In 983, the shrine of St. Columbkill was carried away by the Danes, by whom the place was also thrice devastated about the close of the 10th century: in 1095 the abbey was consumed by fire.

In 1100, Murtagh O’Brien arrived with a large fleet of foreign vessels and attacked Derry , but was defeated with great slaughter by the son of Mac Loughlin, prince of Aileach. Ardgar, prince of Aileach, was slain in an assault upon Derry in 1124 ; but on the 30th of March, 1135 , the town with its churches was destroyed by fire, in revenge, as some state, of his death: it also sustained a similar calamity in 1149.

In 1158, Flahertagh O’Brolchain, abbot of the Augustine monastery, was raised to the episcopacy and appointed supreme superintendent of all the abbeys under the rule of St. Columb, by a synod-ical decree of the Irish clergy assembled at Brigh-mac-Taidhg, in the north of Meath. O’Brolchain immediately commenced preparations for the erection of a new church on a larger scale ; and in 1162 he removed more than 80 houses adjacent to the abbey church, and enclosed the abbey with a circular wall.

In 1164 Temple More, or “the great church,” was built, and the original abbey church was thenceforward distinguished as Duv Regles, or “the Black Church :“ the new edifice was 240 feet long, and was one of the most splendid ecclesiastical structures erected in Ireland prior to the settlement of the Anglo-Normans ; its site was near the Black Church, outside the present city wall, and is now chiefly occupied by the Roman Catholic chapel and ce-metery ; both edifices were entirely demolished by Sir Henry Docwra, governor of Derry, in 1600, and the materials used in the erection of the extensive works constructed at that period ; but the belfry or round tower of the cathedral served till after the celebrated siege, and has given name to a lane called the Long Tower.

In 1166 a considerable part of the town was burned by Rory O’Morna ; and in 1195 the abbey was plundered by an English force, which was afterwards intercepted and destroyed at Armagh . In 1197, a large body of English forces having set out from the castle of Kill-Sanctain on a predatory excursion, came to Derry and plundered several churches, but were overtaken by Flahertach O’Maoldoraidh, lord of Tyrone and Tyrconnell, and some of the northern Hy-Niall, and a battle ensued on the shore of the adjoining parish of Faughan-vale, in which the English were defeated with great slaughter.

In this year Sir John De Courcy came with a large army and remained five nights ; and in the following year also, having made an incursion into Tyrone to plunder the churches, he arrived at this place, and during his stay plundered Ennishowen and all the adjacent country ; while thus engaged he received intelligence of the defeat of the English at Larne by Hugh Boy O’Nial, which caused him to quit Derry.

In 1203 the town was much damaged by fire ; and in 1211 it was plundered by Thomas Mac Uchtry and the sons of Randal Mac Donnell, who came hither with a fleet of 76 ships, and afterwards passed into Ennishowen and laid waste the whole peninsula.

This Thomas and Rory Mac Randal again plundered the town in 1213, carrying away from the cathedral to Coleraine all the jewellery of the people of Derry and of the north of Ireland .

A Cistercian nunnery was founded on the south side of the city in 1218, as recorded in the registry of the Honour of Richmond ; but from the Annals of the Four Masters it appears that a religious establishment of this kind existed here prior to that period. Nial O’Nial plundered the town in 1222 ; and, in 1261, sixteen of the most distinguished of the clergy of Tyrone were slain here by Conor O’Nial and the Kinel-Owen or men of Tyrone. In 1274 a Dominican abbey was founded on the north side of the city, of which even the site cannot now be accurately traced.

Edw. II. granted the town to Richard de Burgo, Earl of Ulster, in 1311; but from this period till the reign of Elizabeth , prior to which the English exercised no settled dominion in Derry , no event of importance connected with the place is recorded.

In 1565, Edward Randolph arrived in the Foyle with seven companies of foot and one troop of horse, to repress Shane O’Nial, Earl of Tyrone, who had renounced his allegiance to the English crown ; and a sanguinary engagement taking place on the plains of Muff, the Irish chieftain was signally defeated. An encampment was then formed by the English near the city ; but in a sally against some of O’Nial’s forces, who had ostentatiously paraded before it, the English general was slain by a party who had concealed themselves in an adjoining wood, and the command of the garrison was given to Col. St. Lo.

The English converted the cathedral into an arsenal, and on the 24th of April, 1566 , the gunpowder blew up by accident with so much damage as to render the place untenable ; the foot embarked for Dublin , to which city also the horse returned, passing through Tyrconnell and Connaught to avoid O’Nial.

In 1599 it was again determined to fortify Derry , a measure long deemed essential in order to divide and check the power of O’Nial and O’Donell, the accomplishment of which object was favoured by its situation and the friendship of O’Dogherty of Ennishowen. With that view Sir Henry Docwra, in 1600, entered the Foyle with a British force of 4000 foot and 200 horse, and landed at Culmore, at the mouth of the river, where he erected a fort.

He soon obtained possession of the city, and constructed fortifications and other works for its defence and im-provement, pulling down the abbey, cathedral, and other ecclesiastical buildings for the sake of the materials.

On the termination of the war at the commencement of 1603, the garrison was reduced to 100 horse and 150 foot under the governor, and 200 foot under Capt. Hansard ; and at Culmore were left 20 men. Sir Henry now directed his attention to the improvement of the place with so much zeal as to entitle him to be regarded as the founder of the modern city.

A number of English colonists settled here on his invitation ; he obtained grants of markets and fairs, and, in 1604, a charter of incorporation with ample privileges. But in 1608, after the flight and forfeiture of O’Nial and O’Donell, the growing prosperity of the new city was checked by the insurrection of Sir Cahir O’Dogherty, the young chief of Ennishowen, who took both Culmore fort and Derry, at the latter of which Sir George Paulet (to whom Sir Henry Docwra had alienated all his interests) and his men were slain ; as many of the inhabitants as could escape fled, and the town was plundered and burned.

A large part of Ulster having escheatcd to the Crown on the attainder of the above-named earls, proposals of colonization were made to the city of London , in which this place is described as “the late ruinated city of Derry , which may be made by land almost impregnable.” In accepting the offers of the Crown the city agreed to erect 200 houses here, and leave room for 300 more ; 4000 acres contiguous to the city were to be annexed to it in perpetuity, exclusively of bog and barren mountain, which were to be added as waste ; convenient sites were allowed for the houses of the bishop and dean ; the liberties were to extend three miles or 3000 Irish paces in every direction from the centre of the city ; and the London undertakers were to have the neighbouring fort of Culmore, with the lands attached, on condition of maintaining in it a competent ward of officers and men.

In 1613 the inhabitants, having surrendered their former charter, were re-incorporated, and the name of the city was altered to Londonderry . The natives having conspired to take the town by surprise, a supply of arms was sent from London in 1615 ; an additional sum of £5000 was ordered for completing the walls ; and, that it might not in future be peopled with Irish, the Society issued directions that a certain number of children from Christ’s Hospital, and others, should be sent hither as apprentices and servants, and prohibited the inhabitants from taking Irish apprentices.

Leases of most of the houses were granted for thirty one years, and to each was allotted a portion of land according to the rent, with ground for gardens and orchards ; 300 acres were assigned for the support of a free school ; and of the 4000 acres the Society allotted to the houses or granted to the mayor 3217, including a parcel of 1500 acres which were set apart to support the magistracy of the city, and which subsequently became a source of contention between the Society, the corporation, and the bishop.

In 1618 we find the fortifications completed, at an expense of £8357 ; but notwithstanding the adoption of these and other measures of improvement, the increase of houses and inhabitants was very slow, and the operations of the Society were made the ground of various representations to the Crown respecting the non-fulfilment of the conditions of planting.

In 1622, commissioners were appointed to enquire into the affairs of the plantation, to whom the mayor and corporation presented a petition complaining of many grievances resulting from the conduct of the Society, one of the chief of which was the non-erection of the specified number of houses: this enquiry led to several seques-trations of the city and liberties until 1628, and for some time the rents were paid to the Crown.

In the rebellion of 1641 the English and Scottish settlers received a considerable supply of arms and amunition from London , and having secured themselves within the walls, successfully defended the city from the attacks of the rebels under Sir Phelim O’Nial.

In 1643 the inhabitants of Londonderry and Coleraine sent letters to the lords-justices urging their impoverished condition and praying for relief. Sir John Vaughan, the governor, having died this year, Sir Robert Stewart was appointed to the command of the garrison, of which five companies aided in his defeat of Owen O’Nial at Clones, on the 13th of June.

Towards the close of the year the parliament having taken the covenant, the London adventurers sent over an agent with letters desiring that it should be taken within their plantation ; but in the year following the mayor was ordered by the lord-lieutenant and council to publish a proclamation against it. Col. Audley Mervin, who had been appointed governor by the Marquess of Ormonde, was nevertheless obliged from expediency to take the covenant: in 1645 he was displaced by the parliament, and was succeeded by Lord Folliott. Sir C. Coote, the parliamentary general, having, in 1648, treacherously seized upon the person of Sir Robert Hamilton, forced him to surrender Culmore fort, by which the parliamentarians became masters of all the forts of Ulster , except Charlemont.

The Marquess of Ormonde having failed in his attempts to induce Sir C. Coote to join the king’s cause, the latter was blocked up in Derry by the royalists ; and soon after the city and Culmore fort were regularly besieged by Sir Robert Stewart, who was subsequently joined by Sir G. Monroe and Lord Montgomery with their respective forces, and Chas. II. was proclaimed with great solemnity before the camp of Derry .

The decapitation of the late king having excited general horror among the majority of the people of the north, they rose in arms and soon obtained possession of all the towns and places of strength in that quarter, except Derry and Culmore, which, after a siege of four months, and when the garrison, consisting of 800 foot and 180 horse, was reduced to the greatest extremities, were relieved by Owen Roe O’Nial, to whom Sir C. Coote had promised a reward of £5000 for this service ; and by the defeat of Ever Mac Mahon, the Roman Catholic general, the following year, at Skirfolas in Donegal, Coote finally reduced all Ulster under the power of the parliament.

After the Restoration, Chas. II., in 1662, granted letters patent to the Irish Society, containing, with very little alteration, all the clauses of the first charter of Jas. I. ; this is the charter under which the Society and the corporation of Derry now act. In 1684 the same monarch constituted a guild of the staple, with powers as ample as those enjoyed by any other city or town: in the following year, owing to the decay of trade, the corporation complained to the Society that the go-vernment of the town was too expensive for the ma-gistrates to sustain, and solicited an abatement of the rent.

The Siege of Derry.

In 1689 this city became the asylum of the Protestants of the north, who, in number about 30,000, fled to it for refuge before the marauding forces of James ; and is distinguished in the annals of modern history for the heroic bravery of its inhabitants amidst the extreme privations of a protracted siege.

The chief governor having withdrawn the Protestant garrison, and steps being taken to introduce an undisciplined native force influenced by hostile prejudices, the young men of the city closed the gates against its admission, and the bulk of the inhabitants took up arms in their own defence. The magistrates and graver citizens endeavoured to palliate this ebullition of military ardour in their representations to the lord-lieutenant, but in the meantime the armed inhabitants applied to the Irish Society for assistance.

Lord Mountjoy, a Protestant commander in the army of James, was, however, admitted, in a great measure from personal regard, but on condition that a free pardon should be granted within 15 days, and that in the interval only two companies should be quartered within the walls ; that of the forces afterwards admitted one-half at least should be Protestants ; that until pardon was received the citizens should guard the fortifications ; and that all who desired it might be permitted to quit the city.

By the advice of Mountjoy, who was obeyed as a friend and associate, the arms were repaired, money cheerfully subscribed, ammunition purchased in Scotland , and the agent despatched to England urged to procure supplies. He was succeeded in the command by his first lieutenant, Lundy, whom King William, on sending an officer with some military supplies, commissioned to act in his name ; but the dissatisfaction of the citizens was excited by the vacillating character of this commander, who, on the approach of James to besiege the city in person, prepared to surrender it, not withstanding the arrival of two English colonels in the river with reinforcements, which he remanded.

The principal officers being about to withdraw, and the town council preparing to offer terms of capitulation, the inhabitants rose tumultuously against the constituted authorities, received with enthusiasm a brave and popular captain who presented himself at the city gates with a reinforce-ment, and, rushing to the walls, fired upon James and his party advancing to take possession of the place.

On deliberation they suffered the timid to depart unmolested ; Lundy first concealed himself and afterwards escaped ; and two new governors were chosen, one of whom was the celebrated George Walker, rector of Donoughmore. Under their directions the soldiers and able inhabitants were formed into eight regiments, numbering 7020 men, with 341 officers ; order and discipline were in some degree established, and, notwithstanding partial jealousies, 18 Protestant clergymen and seven non-conformists shared in the labour and danger of the siege, and by their exhortations stimulated the enthusiastic courage of the defenders with the fervour of devotion.

The operations of an army of 20,000 men were thus successfully opposed in a place abandoned as untenable by the regular forces, unaided by engineers or well-mounted guns, and with only a ten days supply of provisions. An irregular war of sallies was adopted with such effect that James, who had hitherto remained at St. Johnstown, six miles distant, returned to Dublin, leaving his army to continue the siege.

The defenders had now to contend against the inroads of disease and famine ; and the arrival of Kirke with a fleet in the lough afforded but little prospect of relief, as he deemed it too hazardous an enterprise to sail up to the town in front of the enemy’s lines. Although thus apparently left to their own scanty resources, the brave garrison continued the defence with unabated heroism, still making desperate and effective sallies even when too much en-feebled by hunger to pursue their success.

To induce a surrender, Marshal Rosen, the besieging general, ordered his soldiers to drive round the walls of the town the helpless Protestant population of the surrounding district, of all ages, who were thus exposed to the horrors of famine for nearly three days before they were suffered to disperse ; some of the ablest of the men secretly joined their comrades in the town, and an ineffective body of 500 people were passed from it unperceived by the enemy.

When even such miserable resources as the flesh of horses and dogs, hides, tallow, and similar nauseous substances had failed for two days, two of Kirke’s ships, laden with provisions and convoyed by the Dartmouth frigate, advanced up the lough in view both of the garrison and the besiegers, in a dangerous attempt to relieve the place, returning with spirit the fire of the enemy.

The foremost of the provision ships came in contact with the boom that had been thrown across the channel and broke it, but rebounding with violence ran aground, and for the moment appeared to be at the mercy of the besiegers, who with acclamations of joy instantly prepared to board her ; but the vessel, firing her guns, was extricated by the shock, floated, and triumphantly passed the boom followed by her companions.

The town was thus relieved and the enemy retired ; but of the brave defenders only 4300 survived to witness their deliverance, and of this number more than 1000 were incapable of service ; those who were able immediately sallied out in pursuit of the enemy, who had lost 8000 men by the sword and by various disorders during the siege, which had continued 105 days.

Culmore fort was reduced to ruin, and was never afterwards rebuilt ; and the city sustained so much damage that the Irish Society deemed it necessary to appoint commissioners for its restoration ; the twelve chief companies of London advanced £100 each ; the Society supplied timber for the public buildings, abatements were made in the rents, the terms of leases were augmented, and other measures necessary for the accomplishment of this object were adopted.

In 1692, the corporation failing to negociate with Bishop King for a renewal of the lease of the quarter-lands, reminded the Society that the bishop’s claims to this property were unsubstantial, and agreed to establish their right in consideration of £90. 10. per annum, which is still paid. In 1695 the Society procured a resumption of the remainder of the 1500 acres comprised in their let-ters patent, by an ejectment against the bishop, who, in 1697, appealed to the Irish House of Lords and obtained an order for their restitution, which the sheriffs and other inhabitants of Derry opposing, were taken into custody and conveyed to Dublin.

Against this decision the Society applied to the English House of Lords, and in 1703 an act was passed establishing their right not only to the 1500 acres but also to the fisheries, which had previously been an object of dispute, subject to the payment of £250 per annum to the bishop and his successors, which is still continued, with a condition of exonerating him from rent or other demands for his palace and gardens.

In 1721 a dispute took place between the corporation and the military governor, who refused to deliver the keys of the city gates to the new mayor, which by the charter he was bound to do ; he surrounded the town-hall with troops, and prevented the members of the corporation entering it, but was removed immediately after. A grand centenary commemoration of the shutting of the gates took place in 1788, and was continued with the utmost harmony for three days ; and in the month of August following the relief of the city was commemorated.

The city is advantageously situated on the western or Donegal side of the river Foyle, about five statute miles above the point where it spreads into Lough Foyle, chiefly on the summit and sides of a hill projecting into the river, and commanding on all sides richly diversified and picturesque views of a well cultivated tract : this hill, or “Island of Derry,” is of an oval form, 119 feet high, and contains about 200 acres.

The ancient portion of the city occupies the higher grounds, and is surrounded by massive walls completed in 1617, at the expense of the Society: they form a parallelogram nearly a mile in circumference, and in the centre is a square called the Diamond, from which four principal streets radiate at right angles towards the principal gates.

Since the Union the city has considerably increased, particularly on the north along the shore of the river, where several warehouses, stores, and merchants’ residences have been erected: on the west is also a considerable suburb, in which, within the last fifteen years, some new streets have been formed ; and on the eastern bank of the river is another, called Waterside.

The walls, which are well built and in a complete state of repair, are nearly 1800 yards in circuit, 24 feet high, and of sufficient thickness to form an agreeable promenade on the top. The four original gates have been rebuilt on an enlarged and more elegant plan, and two more added ; but the only two that are embellished are Bishop’s gate and Ship-quay gate, the former, built by subscription in 1788, being the centenary in commemoration of the siege.

In 1628 the Irish Society was ordered to erect guard and sentinel houses, of which two are yet remaining ; and of the several bastions, the north-western was demolished in 1824, to make room for the erection of a butter market ; and in 1826 the central western bastion was appropriated to the recep-tion of a public testimonial in honour of the celebrated George Walker. A few guns are preserved in their proper positions, but the greater number are used as posts for fastening cables and protecting the corners of streets. The houses are chiefly built of brick: the en-tire number in the city and suburbs is 2947.

The city is watched, paved, cleansed, and lighted with gas, under the superintendence of commissioners of general police, consisting of the mayor and 12 inhabitants chosen by ballot: the gas-works were erected in 1829, at an ex-pense of £7000, raised in shares of £11. Water is conveyed to the town across the bridge by pipes, from a reservoir on Brae Head, beyond the Waterside, in the parish of Clondermot ; the works were constructed by the corporation under an act of the 40th of Geo. III., at a total expense of £15,500, and iron pipes have been laid down within the last few years.

The bridge, a celebrated wooden structure erected by Lemuel Cox, an American, in lieu of a ferry which the corporation held under the Irish Society, was begun in 1789, and com-pleted in the spring of 1791. It is 1068 feet in length, and 40 in breadth: the piles are of oak, and the head of each is tenoned into a cap piece 40 feet long and 17 inches square, supported by three sets of girths and braces ; the piers, which are 16½ feet apart, are bound together by thirteen string-pieces equally divided and transversely bolted, on which is laid the flooring: on each side of the platform is a railing 4½ feet high, also a broad pathway provided with gas lamps.

Near the end next to the city a turning bridge has been constructed in place of the original drawbridge, to allow of the free navigation of the river. On the 6th of Feb., 1814 , a portion of the bridge extending to 350 feet was carried away by large masses of ice floated down the river by the ebb tide and a very high wind. The original expense of its erection was £16,594, and of the repairs after the damage in 1814, £18,208, of which latter sum, £15,000 was advanced as a loan by Government: the average annual amount of tolls from 1831 to 1834, inclusive, was £3693.

Plans and estimates for the erection of a new bridge, nearly 200 yards above the present, have been procured ; but there is no prospect of the immediate execution of the design. A public library and news room, commenced in 1819 by subscription and established on its present plan in 1824 by a body of proprietors of transferable shares of 20 guineas each, is provided with about 2660 volumes of modern works and with periodical publications and daily and weekly news-papers: it is a plain building faced with hewn Dungiven sandstone, erected by subscription in 1824, at an ex-pense of nearly £2000, and, besides the usual apartments, contains also the committee-room of the Chamber of Commerce.

The lower part of the building is used as the news-room, to which all the inhabitants are admitted on payment of five guineas annually. A literary society for debates and lectures was instituted in 1834, and the number of its members is rapidly increasing. Concerts were formerly held at the King’s Arms hotel, but have been discontinued. Races are held on a course to the north of the town. Walker’s Testimonial, on the central western bastion, was completed in 1828 by sub-scription, at an expense of £1200: it consists of a column of Portland stone of good proportions, in the Roman Donic style, surmounted by a statue of that distinguished governor by John Smith, Esq., of Dublin: the column is ascended by a spiral staircase within, and, including the pedestal, is 81 feet in height, in addition to which the statue measures nine feet.

The city is in the northern military district, and is the headquarters of a regiment of infantry which supplies detachments to various places: the barracks are intended for the ac-commodation of four officers and 320 men, with an hos-pital for 32 patients, but from their insufficiency a more commodious edifice is about to be erected, for which ground has been provided in the parish of Clondermot.

The manufactures are not very considerable: the principal is that of meal, for which there are several corn-mills, of which one erected by Mr. Schoales in 1831, and worked by a steam- engine of 18-horse power, and another subsequently by Mr. Leatham, worked by an engine of 20-horse power, are the chief: the recent extension of this branch of trade has made meal an article of export instead of import, as formerly ; in 1831, 553 tons were imported, and in 1834 6950 tons were exported.

In William-street are a brewery and distillery ; there are copper-works which supply the whole of the north-west of Ulster, and afford regular employ- ment to 27 men ; two coach-factories ; and a corn-mill and distillery at Pennyburn, and another at Waterside.

A sugar-house was built in 1762, in what is still called Sugar-house- lane, but was abandoned in 1809 ; the buildings were converted into a glass manufactory in 1820, but this branch of business was carried on for a few years only. This is the place of export for the agricultural produce of a large tract of fertile country, which renders the coasting trade very extensive, especially with Great Britain: the quantity of grain exported to England and Scotland alone, in the year ending Jan. 5th, 1835, was 3680 tons of wheat, 1490 tons of barley, 10,429 tons of oats, 6950 tons of oatmeal, 3050 tons of eggs, 3654 tons of flax, 52,842 firkins of butter, 11,580 barrels of pork, 1900 bales of bacon, 590 hogsheads of hams, 1628 kegs of tongues, and 147 hogsheads of lard.

It is still the market for a considerable quantity of linen, of which 9642 boxes and bales were exported in the same year. The number of vessels employed in the coasting trade which entered inwards in 1834 was 649, of an aggregate tonnage of 63,726, and which cleared outwards, 646, of an aggregate tonnage of 62,502, including steam-vessels, which ply regularly between this port and Liverpool and Glasgow .

The principal articles of foreign produce imported direct are staves and timber from the Baltic, barilla from Spain, sugar and rum from the West Indies, wine from Spain and Portugal ; tobacco from the United States, from which the ships come chiefly to take out emigrants, who resort to this port from the inland districts in great numbers ; flax seed, the importation of which has much increased within the last few years, from Riga, America, and Holland ; the quantity imported in 1835 was 12,400 hogsheads ; but the greater proportion of foreign commodities comes indirectly, or coastwise.

The number of vessels employed in the foreign trade which entered inwards in 1834 was 57, of an aggregate burden of 10,406 tons, and that cleared outwards, 16, of an aggregate tonnage of 4869.

The salmon fishery of the Foyle affords employment to 120 men, exclusively of the same number of water-keepers: the fish is shipped principally for Liverpool ; some is also sent to Glasgow , and some pickled for the London market: the quantity taken annually on an average of three years from 1832 to 1834 inclusive was about 149 tons. The right of fishing in this river up to Lifford is vested by charter of Jas. I. in the Irish Society, who by an act in the reign of Anne, are bound to pay the bishop £250 per annum, as compensation for his claim to some small fishings, and also to a tithe of the whole ; but at present the Marquess of Abercorn and the Earl of Erne hold fisheries below the town of Lifford.

The fishery off the coast is precarious, and frequently yields only a scanty supply, from the danger in encoun tering a rough sea experienced by the boats employed in it, which are only indifferently built ; yet at other times the market abounds with turbot taken near Innistrahull and on Hempton’s Bank, about 18 Irish miles north of Ennishowen Head ; soles and haddock, taken in Lough Swilly and elsewhere ; cod, mostly off the entrance to Lough Foyle ; and oysters, taken in Lough Swilly from the island ‘of Inch up to Fort Stewart, and in Lough Foyle, from Quigley’s Point down to Greencastle. Denny is situated about 19 statute miles above the entrance to Lough Foyle, the approach to which is facilitated by a lighthouse on the island of Innistrahull, and will be rendered still more safe by two others now in course of erection on Shrove Head, Ennishowen, intended to serve as guiding lights past the great Tun Bank lying to the east.

A new and very important trade as connected with the port, is the herring fishery ; in 1835, upwards of 5800 barrels were cured at the Orkneys, by Derry merchants, and the total quantity imported exceeds 12,000 barrels, one half of which are cured by vessels fitted out from this port ; large quantities of oysters have been taken in the river Foyle since 1829. The limits of the port extend to Culmore, a distance of three miles ; the lough has been deepened under the directors of the Ballast Committee, in consequence of which, vessels drawing 14 feet of water, can come close to the quays.

At the entrance to the lough is a well-regulated establishment of pilots, under the superintendence of the Ballast Board. The Ballast Office was established by act of parliament in 1790, and remodelled by another act in 1833 : the port regulations are under the control of a committee of this establishment, consisting of the mayor and seven other members, of whom the two senior members go out annually by rotation, and who have the power of making by-laws.

The corporation alone possessed the right of having quays prior to 1832, when they lost their monopoly, and private quays were constructed: they disposed of their interest in the merchants’ or custom-house quays, in Nov. 1831 ; there are now 21 sufferance or private wharfs or quays, in-cluding two at Waterside, in the parish of Clonder-mot.

A patent slip dock was constructed in 1830, at an expense of £4000, in which vessels of 300 tons registered burden can be repaired: prior to that period most vessels were sent for repair to Liverpool or the Clyde, and two large brigs have been built here since that date: naval stores are brought chiefly from Belfast, but sails are manufactured here.

The custom-house, a small and inconvenient building, was built as a store in 1805, and since 1809 has been held by Government on a permanent tenure, at an annual rental of £1419. 4. 6., at first as a king’s store, and since 1824 as a custom-house: the premises comprise some extensive tobacco and tim-ber yards, laid out at different periods, and extend in front 450 feet, varying in depth : the duties received here in 1837 amounted to £99,652.

The markets are generally well supplied. The shambles, for meat daily, and to which there is a weigh-house attached, are situated off Linenhall-street, and were built in 1760, by Alderman Alexander and other members of the corporation: the tolls belong to Sir R. A. Ferguson, Bart., who in 1830 purchased the shambles and the fish and vegetable markets of the corporation.

The linen market, on Wednesday, is held in a hall occupying an obscure situation in a street to which it gives name, and built in 1770, by the late Fred. Hamilton, Esq., to whose descendant the tolls belong: it consists of a court measuring 147 feet by 15, and enclosed by small dilapidated houses ; the cloth is exposed on stands placed in the court and under sheds ; on the opposite side of the street is the sealing-room.

The butter market, in Waterlooplace, for butter and hides daily, and to which three weigh-houses are attached ; the fish market, off Linen-hall-street, daily ; the potatoe market, in Society-street, for potatoes and meal by retail daily, with a weigh-house attached ; and the vegetable market, off Linen-hall-street, for vegetables, poultry, and butter daily, were all built in 1825 by the corporation, to whom the tolls of the butter and potatoe markets belong.

The cow market, for the sale of cows, pigs, sheep, and goats, every Wednesday, is held in a field to the south of Bishop-street, near the river, which was enclosed in 1832 by the corporation, to whom the tolls belong. There are also a flax market in Bishop-street every Thursday, and a market for yarn in Butchers’-street every Wednesday.

Six fairs are held annually, but only three are of importance, namely, on June 17th, Sept. 4th, and Oct. 17th ; the others are on March 4th, April 30th, and Sept. 20th. Custom was charged on every article of merchandise brought into the city prior to 1826, when it was abolished, except as regards goods conveyed over the bridge ; and in lieu thereof, the corporation instituted trespass, cranage, storage, and other dues. The post-office was established in 1784 ; the amount of postage for 1834 was £4047. 17. 1½. The revenue police force usually consists of a lieutenant and twelve men ; and the constabulary is composed of a chief constable and twelve men.

Derry city (Part 2)

The municipal government is vested in a mayor, twelve aldermen, and twenty-four burgesses, assisted by a recorder, town-clerk, and chamberlain ; and the inferior officers of the corporation are a sword-bearer, mace-bearer, four town-serjeants, two sherffs’ bailiffs, &c. The mayor and sheriffs are elected by the common council on the 2nd of Feb., the former from among the aldermen, and the latter from the burgesses, from whom also the aldermen are chosen ; the burgesses are ap-pointed from the freemen and inhabitants.

The sheriffs exercise jurisdiction both over the entire county and the liberties of the city ; and the town-clerk is generally clerk of the peace for the county. The freedom is in-herited by the sons of aldermen and burgesses, and is obtained by marriage with their daughters, by appren-ticeship to a freeman, and by gift of the corporation. The city returned two representatives to the Irish par-liament till the Union , since which it has sent one to the imperial parliament. The right of voting was formerly vested in the burgesses and freemen, in number about 450 ; but by the late enactments, under which a new electoral boundary, minutely described in the Appendix, has been established, the former non-resident electors, except within a distance of seven miles, have been dis-franchised, and the privilege extended to the £10 house holders : the number of registered voters on the 1st of April, 1835, was 724, of whom 504 were £10 house-holders, and the remainder freemen.

The mayor, recorder, and all aldermen who have filled the mayoralty, are justices of the peace within the liberties, which com-prise the city and a circuit of three Irish miles measured from its centre ; and they also exercise jurisdiction by sufferance over the townland of Culmore. The mayor and recorder, or the mayor alone, hold a court of record every Monday, for pleas to any amount ; the process is either by attachment against the goods, or arrest of the person. The court of general sessions for the city is held four times a year : there is a court of petty sessions weekly, held before the mayor, or any of the civic magistrates. The mayor also holds weekly a court of conscience, for the recovery of ordinary debts not exceeding £20 late currency or servants’ wages to the amount of £6, and from which there is no appeal. The city is in the north-west circuit, and the assizes are held here twice a year : it is also one of the four towns within the county at which the general quarter sessions are held, and where the assist-ant barrister presides in April and October. The cor-poration hall in the centre of the Diamond, and on the site of the original town-house built by the Irish Society in 1622, was erected by the corporation in 1692, and till 1825, when it was rebuilt by the corporation, was called the market-house or exchange : the south front, in which is the principal entrance, is circular. The upper stony contains a common-council room, an assembly-room, and an ante-chamber. On the ground floor, which was formerly open for the sale of meal and potatoes, but was closed in 1825, is a news-room esta-blished by the corporation in that year. The court-house, completed in 1817 at an expense of £30,479. 15., including the purchase of the site and furniture, is a handsome building of white sandstone, chiefly from the neighbourhood of Dungiven, ornamented with Portland stone, and erected from a design by Mr. John Bowden : it measures 126 feet by 66, and exhibits a facade, judi-ciously broken by a tetrastyle portico of the enriched Ionic order, modelled from that of the temple of Erectheus at Athens; over the pediment are the royal arms ; and the wings are surmounted by statues of Justice and Peace sculptured in Portland stone by the late Edward Smith. The principal apartments are the crown and record courts, the mayor’s public and private offices, the offices of the recorder, treasurer, and clerks of the crown and peace, the judges’ room, and the grand jury room : in addition to the assizes, sessions, and mayor’s count, the county and other meetings are held in it. The gaol, situated in Bishop-street, beyond the gate, was erected between the years 1819 and 1824, by Messrs. Henry, Mullins, and McMahon, at an expense of £33,718, late currency : the front, which is partly coated with cement and partly built of Dungiven stone, extends 242 feet ; and the depth of the entire building, including the yards, is 400 feet. It is built on the radiating plan ; the go-vernor’s house, which includes the chapel and committee-room, is surrounded by a panoptic gallery ; and the entire gaol contains 179 single cells, 26 work and day rooms, and 20 airing yards : apart from the main build-ing is an hospital, containing separate wards for both sexes. The regulations are excellent : in 1835 the system of classification was abandoned, and the silent system introduced ; the prisoners are constantly em ployed at various trades, and receive one-third of their earnings.

The DIOCESE of DERRY originated in a monastery founded by St. Columb, about 545, of which some of the abbots at a very early period were styled bishops, but the title of bishop of Derry was not established until 1158, or even a century later, as the bishops, whose see was at Denny, were sometimes called Bishops of Tyrone. The see first existed at Ardsrath, where St. Eugene, the first bishop, died about the end of the sixth century ; it was subsequently removed to Maghera, whence it was trans-ferred to Derry. It is called Darnich in the old Roman provincial, and Doire Choluim chille or “Columbkill’s Oak Grove,” by ancient writers. The town is now called Londonderry, from a colony of settlers from London, in the reign of Jas. I., by whom the present cathedral was built, but the bishoprick retains its ancient name of Derry. The see was constituted at Derry in 1158, by a decree of the Synod of Brigth Thaigh, at which assisted Christian, Bishop of Lismore, the pope’s legate, and twenty-five bishops ; and Flathbert O’Brolcan, abbot of Denny, was promoted to the episcopal throne. In 1164, with the assistance of Mac Loughlin, King of Ireland, he built the cathedral ; the altar of which was robbed in 1196 by McCrenaght, of 314 cups, which were esteemed the best in Ireland, but they were re-covered the third day after, and the robber executed. German, or Gervase, O’Cherballen, who succeeded to the bishoprick in 1230, took the church of Ardsrath and many others in Tyrone from the Bishop of Clogher, and forcibly annexed part of the bishoprick of Raphoe to his diocese. In 1310, Edw. II. directed the bishop of Connor to enquire whether the king or any other per-son would be prejudiced by allowing Richard de Burgo to retain in fee the city of Derry, which the bishop, with the consent of the chapter, had conveyed to him. Prior to 1608, the bishop had one-third of the tithes of each parish ; a lay person, called an Erenach, who was the bishop’s farmer, had another third ; and the remain- ing third was allowed for the incumbent : but Bishop Montgomery gave the bishop’s share to the incumbents of parishes, on the grant by Jas. I. of the termon or Erenach lands, amounting to 6534 acres, to the see in exchange. By an inquisition in 1622, the bishop was found to be entitled to fish for salmon on the Monday after the 4th of June, within the great net fishery be-longing to the London Society ; also to half the tithe of salmon, &c., caught in the Bann and Lough Foyle. Bishop Hopkins, who died in 1690, was at great expense in beautifying the cathedral, and furnishing it with organs and massive plate, and is said to have expended £1000 in buildings and other improvements in this bishoprick and that of Raphoe. Derry continued to be a separate bishoprick until the death of Dr. Bissett, Bishop of Raphoe, in 1836, when that see, under the pro-visions of the Church Temporalities act of the 3rd and 4th of Wm. IV., was annexed to the see of Derry, and its temporalities became vested in the Ecclesiastical Commissioners.

This diocese is one of the ten that constitute the province of Armagh : it is partly in the counties of Antrim and Donegal, but chiefly in Tyrone and Lon-donderry, extending 47 miles in length by 43 in breadth, and comprehending an estimated superficies of 659,000 acres, of which 2500 are in Antrim, 139,300 in Donegal, 233,100 in Tyrone, and 284,100 in Londonderry. The lands belonging to the see comprise 77,102 statute acres, of which 39,621 are profitable land, and 37,481 unprofitable ; and the gross yearly revenue derived from these lands and from appropriate tithes, on an average of three years ending Dec. 31st, 1831, amounted to £14,193. 3. 9½. Under the Church Temporalities act an annual charge of £4160 is, from 1834, payable out of the see estates to the funds of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners : this payment is made to diminish the excess of the revenue of this see above the other bishopricks, and is in lieu of the Ad Valorem tax imposed on all benefices in Ireland. The chapter consists of a dean and archdeacon, and the three prebendanies of Comber, Aghadowy, and Moville. To the dean belong, as the corps of the deanery, the rectories of Templemore, Faughanvale, and Clondermot, the tithes of which, under the composition act, amount to £3235. 7. 11½. pen annum. The deanery lands, which are situated in the parishes of Clondermot and Faughanvale, consist of several townlands, which com-prise 2859 statute acres, let on leases at rents amounting to £176. 6. 4., and renewal fines averaging £269. 15. 7. annually ; and the gross annual revenue of the deanery, as returned by the Commissioners of Ecclesiastical Enquiry, amounts to £3710. 13. 10. per annum. To the archdeacon belongs the rectory of Dunboe, the tithes of which amount to £480, and the glebe lands comprise 420 statute acres ; its gross annual value is £700 per annum. The endowments of the prebends consist of the tithes and glebes of the parishes from which they take their names, and are detailed in the articles on those places. The cathedral has neither minor canons, vicars choral, nor an economy fund. The diocesan school is connected with the free school of Denny, which was founded by the corporation of London in 1617. The consistonial court consists of a vicar-general, surrogate, registrar, deputy- registrar, and 11 proctors. This arrangement extended to the whole of the diocese, so that the bishop, out of 47 parishes, possesses 46 estates, and this is the reason why the clergy of this diocese are generally provided with larger glebes than those of the other dioceses of Ireland. This grant included the patronage of certain churches, since disputed suc-cessfully, except those of Dungiven and Coleraine, on the grounds that the powers of the Crown, unsupported by surrender from the bishop, confirmed by an act of parliament, were not competent to make a valid grant. The number of parishes in the diocese is 60, comprised in 57 benefices : that which forms the corps of the deanery is a union of the three parishes of Templemore, Faugh-anvale, and Clondermot, and is in the patronage of the Crown ; 36 are in the patronage of the Bishop ; 3 are in the gift of the Provost and Fellows of Trinity College, Dublin ; 8 in lay patronage, and the remaining 9, which are perpetual curacies, are in the patronage of the incumbents of the parishes out of which they have been formed. The number of churches is 62, and of school-houses and other places where divine service is performed, 11 : the number of glebe-houses is 47.

In the R. C. divisions this diocese is a separate bishoprick, and one of eight suffragan to Armagh. It comprises 36 parochial benefices or unions, containing 70 chapels, which are served by 81 clergymen, 36 of whom, including the bishop, are parish priests, and 45 are coadjutors or curates. The parochial benefice of the bishop is Denny, or Templemore, where he resides.

The cathedral, which also serves as the parish church, was completed in 1633, the former one, erected in 1164, having been destroyed by Sir Henry Docwra. The cost of the building, amounting to £4000, was defrayed by the Corporation of the City of London : it is principally in the later English style, with various decorations since added, which do not harmonize with its prevailing cha-racter, and consists of a nave and aisles, separated by stone pillars and arches, with a tower at the west end surmounted by an elegant octagon spire terminating in a cross and spear ; on the east gable is a cross springing from the central battlement. The entire structure is 240 feet long, and 66 feet broad ; the height of the tower and spire is 228 feet from the churchyard. In 1778, the Earl of Bristol, then Bishop of Derry, completed a new spire of hewn stone, with open ornamented win-dows, and the old tower was raised 21 feet ; but in 1802, Owing to the dilapidated state of the tower, the spire was taken down and soon after rebuilt from a fund of £400, half of which was contributed by the Irish Society and half by Bishop Knox and the citizens. The Society also contributed a sum for the embellish-ment of the cathedral in 1819 ; and in 1822 the old roof of lead was replaced by a slate roof. A new organ was erected in 1829 by subscription, to which Bishop Knox contributed £100, and Dean Gough and the cor-poration £50 each. On the north of the communion table is a handsome monument of Italian marble, by Behnes, erected in 1834 to the memory of Bishop Knox, at an expense of £500, raised by subscription : on an elevated plinth is an inscribed tablet, above which is represented a tomb surmounted by a mitre, on the right of which is a full-length figure of Religion, and on the left another of Charity with a babe on her arm and two other children of different ages standing at her knees. There are various other tablets, one of which, to the memory of the father of the Rev. Win. Hamilton, D.D., is inscribed with the epitaph of that distinguished naturalist. The bishop’s palace, built about the year 1761, during the prelacy of Bishop Barnard, is a substantial and com-modious building, occupying the site of the Augustinian convent : it was almost rebuilt by the Earl of Bristol, when bishop, and after the damage which it sustained by being occupied as a barrack in 1802, was repaired by Bishop Knox. The gardens in the rear comprise nearly two acres, and extend to the city wall ; having at the above period been appropriated as a parade, that desig-nation is still applied to the adjacent part of the wall. The deanery, a large unadorned edifice of brick, was built in 1833 by the Rev. T. B. Gough, the present dean, at an expense of £3421. 16. 8½., to be reimbursed by his successor. Adjacent to the city wall on the west is a chapel of ease, a rectangular building, erected by Bishop Barnard, whose descendant, Sir Andrew Barnard, be-came the patron : the chaplain’s original stipend of £50 is now paid out of the property of Wm. J. Camp-bell, a minor, who claims the advowson. A free church was built on the north of the city by Bishop Knox, in 1830, at an expense of £760 ; and a gallery was erected in 1832, at a further expense, including the cost of a vestry-room and the introduction of gas, of £145, raised by subscription. The R. C. chapel occu-pies the site of the monastery of St. Columb, and is situated in a street called the Long Tower, from the lofty round tower which formed the belfry of the Dubh-Regles, the original church built by St. Columb. This chapel was completed in 1786, at an expense, including the cost of some additions in 1811, of £2700, of which £210 was contributed by the Earl of Bristol, and £50 by the corporation. The Presbyterian meeting-house, in Meeting-house-row, has a chaste and hand-some front, of which the pediment and corners are of Dungiven freestone : it is supposed to have been built about the year 1750, at an expense of nearly £4000, and was repaired in 1828 at an additional cost of £700. The Primitive Wesleyan Methodist chapel, in the same street, was originally a store, which was used by Wesley on his visit to this city in 1763 : his congregation built the Wesleyan Methodist chapel in 1783, but on the sepa-ration taking place the Primitive Methodists returned to their former place of worship ; part of the building is still let for a store, and the chapel is used as a Sunday school between the intervals of divine service, for which the dean pays a rent of £20. The old Wesleyan Me- thodist chapel was vacated on the completion of a new chapel built in 1835, at an estimated expense of £1100, raised by subscription, towards which the Irish Society contributed £100 ; the ground floor is used as a vestry-room and a school-room for 300 children. There are also places of worship for Presbyterians in connection with the Seceding Synod, a plain building erected in 1783, at an expense of £450 ; for Covenanters, built in 1810 at a like expense ; and for Independents, built in 1824 at an expense of £500.

The Diocesan school, or Foyle College, was origin-ally founded within the walls as a free grammar school in the reign of Jas. I., and was rebuilt on its present site to the north of the city in 1814, chiefly through the exertions of Bishop Knox, who gave £1000 to-wards the expense, which amounted to £13,714. 13. 6., and was further defrayed by donations from the Irish Society and London Companies, sale of stock, and grand jury presentments. It is a simple hut hand-some edifice of stone, consisting of a centre and two wings, and pleasantly situated on the bank of the river : it is sufficiently capacious to accommodate 80 boarders; there are at present about 30 boarders and as many day-scholars, exclusive of 20 who are free ; the day pupils not free pay £4. 4. per annum for mercantile, and £7. 7. per annum for classical instruction. The school has no endowment, but the Irish Society, the bishop, and the clergy of the diocese subscribe annually to the amount of about £200 ; this, with the emoluments arising from the boarders and the day scholars who are not free, constitutes the income of the master : the bishop and the dean and chapter are trustees. The school has deservedly been held in great estimation owing to the high literary acquirements of the masters. Attached to the institution is an excel-lent library of works on divinity, collected by Bishop Hopkins, and purchased and presented to it by his suc-cessor, Bishop King, which has also been augmented by a donation of £100 from James Alexander, Esq., of London ; it is open to the clergy of the diocese at all times. The parish school originated in an act of the 28th of Hen. VIII., confirmed by one of the 7th of Wm. III. : the present building, situated without the walls, was erected in 1812 through the liberal contributions of Bishop Knox and the trustees of Erasmus Smith’s charity, the latter of whom allow annually £30 for the boys’ and £15 for the girls’ school ; and, in addition, the girls’ school is aided by annual grants of £40 and £10 late currency from the Irish Society and the Bishop of Derny respectively : there are about 108 boys and 97 girls, who, except 20 of the boys who are free scholars, pay one penny each weekly. In connection with the Presbyterian meeting-house is a school established in 1820, in lieu of a blue-coat school which had existed upwards of a cen-tury, in which there are at present about 100 boys and 96 girls, who pay one penny each weekly ; the boys’ school is further supported by a subscription of £10 per annum from the congregation, and an annual grant of £20 by the Irish Society ; and the girls’ school by subscriptions among the ladies, aided by £10 per ann, late currency from the Irish Society : the school-rooms were built and enlarged by subscription at an expense of £450. St. Columb’s school, founded in 1813 under the auspices of the Roman Catholic bishop and clergy, but for some time suspended from a difference which arose between the prelate and one of his curates, was finally established in 1825 : the building, including the erec-tion of a lofty enclosure, cost nearly £1000. It is in connection with the National Board of Education, who grant £30 per annum for its support, which is further aided by £10 per annum from the Irish Society, and an annual collection in the Roman Catholic chapel amount-ing to £30 ; 143 boys and 166 girls are instructed. The London Ladies’ Society school, in Fountain-street, was established in 1822 ; attached to it is a small library for the use of the poor. Gwyn’s Charitable Institution was founded by Mr. John Gwyn, a merchant of the city, who died in 1829, and endowed by him with a be-quest of £41,757, producing at present £1882 per ann., for boarding, clothing, and educating as many poor boys as the funds may admit of. This excellent school, which is under the management of 21 trustees, was opened on the 1st of April, 1833, in a hired house formerly the city hotel : the trustees have purchased 10 statute acres of ground at the rear of the infirmary, where it is in con-templation to erect premises capable of accommodating 200 pupils, at an estimated expense of £6000 : there are at present 81 boys in the school. A Sunday School Union was formed in 1832, by which the liberties have been divided into six districts, each under the superin-tendence of one or two members ; the number of schools in the parish at present in connection with the union is 16, attended by 162 teachers, and the number of pupils on the books is 1726.

The lunatic asylum for the counties of Londonderry, Donegal, and Tyrone, situated on rising ground to the north of the city, was commenced in June 1827, and opened in 1829 ; the entire expense, including the pur-chase of the site and furniture, amounted to £25,678. 2. 4., advanced by Government, and to be repaid by the three counties by instalments. The facade fronting the river consists of a centre with pavilions, from which extend wings with airing- sheds, terminating in angular pavilions, all of Dungiven sandstone ; above the centre rises a turret, of which the upper part forms an octagonal cupola ; in the rear are several commodious airing-yards, separated by ranges of brick building, including the do-mestic offices and workshops : the entire length of the front is 364 feet ; the depth of the building, with the airing-yards, 190 feet ; and the height to the eave, 25 feet. The grounds comprise eight acres, including a plot in front ornamentally planted, and a good garden The asylum was originally intended for 104 patients, but has been enlarged so as to admit 150 : it is still too small, from the cells being partially occupied by incur-ables, persons afflicted with epilepsy, and idiots. The average annual expenditure for the last three years ending 1835 was £2554. 3. 6. : the average number of patients discharged recovered in each year was 42 ; discharged relieved, 6 ; and incurable, 4 ; and the average number of deaths was 17 in each year : the num-ber of patients at the commencement of 1836 was 155 ; about 100 of the patients are constantly employed. The infirmary and fever hospital, for the city and county, on the north of the city, was built in 1814, in place of an old poor-house which previously occupied the site of the present fish and vegetable markets, and is supported by parliamentary grants, Grand Jury presentments, gover-nors’ subscriptions, and contingencies : it contains 120 beds. The average annual income for five years ending Jan. 5th, 1833, was £1475. 15. 10½., and the expendi-ture, £1456. 10. ; the entire number of patients deriving relief from this institution on the 5th of Jan., 1835, was 463, A dispensary for the city and north-west liberties was established in 1819 by the late Bishop Knox and the inhabitants, and is supported by voluntary contri-butions, an annual grant of £30 by the Irish Society, and presentments by the Grand Jury ; the number of patients relieved in that year was 920, and the ex-penditure, £235. 8. 2. The clergymen’s widows’ fund originated in voluntary subscriptions, to which Bishop Knox, a munificent benefactor to most of the charitable institutions of Derry, gave £1000, and most of the Protestant clergy of the diocese contributed : the widows now receive each £35 per annum, and the six senior widows have houses rent-free, called the Widows’-row, adjacent to the cathedral. The charitable loan fund was instituted by Bishop Knox, and the corporation contri-buted to it £31. 10. per ann. until the year 1829, from which period it was unsupported till 1833, when the Irish Society granted £10 annually towards the expense of management : the capital, which is decreasing, amounted on July 31st, 1835, to £423. The ladies’ penny society has an average annual income of about £200, including a bequest of £30 per ann., and an annual grant of £30 by the Irish Society, which is applied in distributing clothing and a few articles of food among the poor : it has also a branch called the flax fund, to which the So-ciety contribute £20 per annum, for the distribution of certain portions of flax among poor applicants, who are paid for spinning it into yarn. The poor-shop, insti-tuted in 1821, under the management of a committee of ladies, for providing the poor with clothes and bed-ding at first cost, on condition of their giving security for payment by weekly instalments at the rate of one penny in the shilling, is supported by subscriptions. A mendicity association was instituted in 1825, chiefly through the exertions of Bishop Knox ; and a peniten-tiary for reclaiming abandoned females, to which there is a school attached, was established in 1829. A reli-gious tract depository, in connection with which is a religious, moral, and historical society, was established in 1822 : the library formed by the society comprises about 500 publications, and at least one half of the funds must be expended on works purely religious. The above and many other charitable institutions are in a great degree attributable to the indefatigable ex- ertions of the late Lady Hill. Alderman Peter Stanley, in 1751, bequeathed £42 per annum late currency for 31 inhabitants of the city and liberties on the western side of the river ; and in 1831, Margaret Evory gave £20 per annum for the poor of the entire parish.

In addition to the Ecclesiastical buildings already recorded here was also a Franciscan mendicant friary of unknown foundation, with a churchyard containing about three acres, the site of which is now occupied by Abbey-street and others, and of which the foundations were discovered a few years ago by some workmen, but no vestiges of any of these buildings are now remaining: The only religious house preserved on the erection of the new city was the church of St. Augustine, which was repaired and used prior to the erection of the present cathedral, after which it was known as “the little church ;“ its site is now occupied by the bishop’s garden. A small square tower was built by O’Dogherty for O’Donell, in the 15th or 16th century, but no vestige of it can now be traced. Near the Roman Catholic chapel, outside the walls, are St. Columb’s wells, originally three in number and called by separate names, but of which one is dried up ; but the water, though considered in remote parts of the island a specific for diseases of the eye, is here held in little repute. In the centre of St. Columb’s-lane, adjacent to the wells, is St. Columb’s stone, on each side of which are two oval hollows artificially formed, concerning which various legends are related ; the water deposited by rain in these hollows is believed to possess a miraculous power in curing various diseases. The shutting of the gates by the apprentice boys on Dec. 7th, 1688 (O. S.), and the opening of them on Aug. 12th following, have been annually commemo-rated, but the ceremony has been somewhat modified since 1832, in which year an act was passed declaring such commemorations illegal ; and have led to the esta-blishment of three distinct clubs of apprentice boys, under different denominations. George Farquhar, the dramatic poet, was born here in 1678 ; and the Rev. Wm. Hamilton, D. D., author of “Letters concerning the northern coast of the county of Antrim,” and other productions on natural history, who was assassinated at the house of Dr. Wailer, at Sharon, on March 2nd, 1797, was also a native of this place. Londonderry gives the titles of Earl and Marquess to the family of Stewart.